the enlightenment norman hampson

The Enlightenment - Norman Hampson

Armed with the insights of the scientific revolution, the men of the Enlightenment set out to free mankind from its age-old cocoon of pessimism and superstition and establish a more reasonable world of experiment and progress. Yet by the 1760s, this optimism about man and society had almost evaporated. In the works of Rousseau, Kant and Goethe, there was discernible a new inner voice, and an awareness of individual uniqueness which had eluded their more self-confident predecessors. The stage was set for the revolutionary crisis and the rise of Romanticism. In this book, Norman Hampson follows through certain dominant themes in the Enlightenment, and describes the contemporary social and political climate, in which ideas could travel from the salons of Paris to the court of Catherine the Great - but less easily from a master to his servant. On such vexed issues as the role of ideas in the "rise of the middle class" he provides a new and realistic approach linking intellectual and social history.

Objev podobné jako The Enlightenment - Norman Hampson

The Enlightenment that Failed - Jonathan I. Israel

The Enlightenment that Failed explores the growing rift between those Enlightenment trends and initiatives that appealed exclusively to elites and those aspiring to enlighten all of society by raising mankind''s awareness, freedoms, and educational level generally. Jonathan I. Israel explains why the democratic and radical secularizing tendency of the Western Enlightenment, after gaining some notable successes during the revolutionary era (1775-1820) in numerous countries, especially in Europe, North America, and Spanish America, ultimately failed. He argues that a populist, Robespierriste tendency, sharply at odds with democratic values and freedom of expression, gained an ideological advantage in France, and that the negative reaction this generally provoked caused a more general anti-Enlightenment reaction, a surging anti-intellectualism combined with forms of religious revival that largely undermined the longings of the deprived, underprivileged, and disadvantaged, and ended by helping, albeit often unwittingly, conservative anti-Enlightenment ideologies to dominate the scene. The Enlightenment that Failed relates both the American and the French revolutions to the Enlightenment in a markedly different fashion from how this is usually done, showing how both great revolutions were fundamentally split between bitterly opposed and utterly incompatible ideological tendencies. Radical Enlightenment, which had been an effective ideological challenge to the prevailing monarchical-aristocratic ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako The Enlightenment that Failed - Jonathan I. Israel

The Enlightenment - J. C. D. Clark

Enlightenment studies are currently in a state of flux, with unresolved arguments among its adherents about its dates, its locations, and the contents of the ''movement''. This book cuts the Gordian knot.There are many books claiming to explain the Enlightenment, but most assume that it was a thing. J. C. D. Clark shows what it actually was, namely a historiographical concept. Currently ''the Enlightenment'' is a term widely accepted across popular culture and in a variety of academic disciplines, notably history, philosophy, political theory, political science, literary studies, and theology; Clark calls for a fundamental reconsideration in each. The Enlightenment: An Idea and Its History provides a critical historical analysis of the Enlightenment in England, Scotland, France, Germany, and the United States from c. 1650 to the present. It argues that the degree of commonality between social and intellectual movements in each--and, more broadly, between the five societies--has been overstated for polemical purposes. Clark shows that the concept of ''the Enlightenment'' was not widely adopted in those societies until the mid-twentieth century; indeed, that it was unknown in the eighteenth. Without the concept, people at the time were unable to act in ways that would have created the Enlightenment as ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako The Enlightenment - J. C. D. Clark

Entertainment for Angels, Electricity in the Enlightenment

Electricity was the scientific fashion of the Enlightenment, 'an Entertainment for Angels, rather than for Men'. Lecturers attracted huge audiences to marvel at sparkling fountains, flaming drinks, pirouetting dancers and electrified boys. Enlightenment optimists predicted that this new-found power of nature would cure illnesses, improve crop production, even bring the dead back to life.Benjamin Franklin, better known as one of America's founding fathers, played a key role in developing the new instruments and theories of electricity during the eighteenth century. Celebrated for drawing lightning down from the sky with a kite, Franklin was an Enlightenment expert on electricity, developing one of the most successful explanations of this mysterious phenomenon.But Patricia Fara, Senior Tutor of Clare College Cambridge, reveals how the study of electricity became intertwined with Enlightenment politics. By demonstrating their control of the natural world, Enlightenment philosophers hoped to gain authority over society. And their stunning electrical performances provided dramatic evidence of their special powers.

Objev podobné jako Entertainment for Angels, Electricity in the Enlightenment

Pirate Enlightenment, or the Real Libertalia - David Graeber

'A characteristically radical re-reading of history that places the social and political experiments of pirates at the heart of the European Enlightenment. A brilliant companion volume to the best-selling Dawn of Everything' Amitav GhoshThe Enlightenment did not begin in Europe. Its true origins lie thousands of miles away on the island of Madagascar, in the late seventeenth century, when it was home to several thousand pirates.This was the Golden Age of Piracy - but it was also, argues anthropologist David Graeber, a brief window of radical democracy, as the pirate settlers attempted to apply the egalitarian principles of their ships to a new society on land. In this jewel of a book, Graeber offers a way to 'decolonize the Enlightenment', demonstrating how this mixed community experimented with an alternative vision of human freedom, far from that being formulated in the salons and coffee houses of Europe. Its actors were Malagasy women, philosopher kings and escaped slaves, exploring ideas that were ultimately to be put into practice by Western revolutionary regimes a century later.Pirate Enlightenment playfully dismantles the central myths of the Enlightenment. In their place comes a story about the magic, sea battles, purloined princesses, manhunts, make-believe kingdoms, fraudulent ambassadors, ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako Pirate Enlightenment, or the Real Libertalia - David Graeber

The End of Enlightenment - Whatmore Richard

The Enlightenment is popularly seen as the Age of Reason, a key moment in human history when ideals such as freedom, progress, natural rights and constitutional government prevailed. In this radical re-evaluation, historian Richard Whatmore shows why, for many at its centre, the Enlightenment was a profound failure. By the early eighteenth century, hope was widespread that Enlightenment could be coupled with toleration, the progress of commerce and the end of the fanatic wars of religion that were destroying Europe. At its heart was the battle to establish and maintain liberty in free states – and the hope that absolute monarchies such as France and free states like Britain might even subsist together, equally respectful of civil liberties. Yet all of this collapsed when states pursued wealth and empire by means of war. Xenophobia was rife and liberty itself turned fanatic. The End of Enlightenment traces the changing perspectives of economists, philosophers, politicians and polemicists around the world, including figures as diverse as David Hume, Adam Smith, Edmund Burke and Mary Wollstonecraft. They had strived to replace superstition with reason, but witnessed instead terror and revolution, corruption, gross commercial excess and the continued growth of violent colonialism. Returning us to ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako The End of Enlightenment - Whatmore Richard

Theology and the Enlightenment - The Rev. Professor Paul Avis

Challenging the common assumption that the Enlightenment of the late seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries was an essentially secular, irreligious and atheistic movement, this book critiques this standard interpretation as based on a narrow view of Enlightenment sources. Building on the work of revisionist historians, this volume takes the argument squarely into the theological domain, whether Anglican, Dissenting, Lutheran or deistic, whilst also noting that the Enlightenment deeply affected Roman Catholic and Jewish theologies. It challenges the stereotype of ‘Enlightenment rationalism’, and the penultimate chapter brings out the biblical and ecclesial roots of the image of enlightenment and reclaims it for Christian faith.

Objev podobné jako Theology and the Enlightenment - The Rev. Professor Paul Avis

The Enlightenment - Anthony Pagden

The Enlightenment and Why It Still Matters tells nothing less than the story of how the modern, Western view of the world was born. Cultural and intellectual historian Anthony Pagden explains how, and why, the ideal of a universal, global, and cosmopolitan society became such a central part of the Western imagination in the ferment of the Enlightenment - and how these ideas have done battle with an inward-looking, tradition-oriented view of the world ever since. Cosmopolitanism is an ancient creed; but in its modern form it was a creature of the Enlightenment attempt to create a new ''science of man'', based upon a vision of humanity made up of autonomous individuals, free from all the constraints imposed by custom, prejudice, and religion. As Pagden shows, this ''new science'' was based not simply on ''cold, calculating reason'', as its critics claimed, but on the argument that all humans are linked by what in the Enlightenment were called ''sympathetic'' attachments. The conclusion was that despite the many tribes and nations into which humanity was divided there was only one ''human nature'', and that the final destiny of the species could only be the creation of one universal, cosmopolitan society. This new ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako The Enlightenment - Anthony Pagden

Introducing the Enlightenment - Lloyd Spencer

"Introducing The Enlightenment" is the essential guide to the giants of the Enlightenment - Voltaire, Diderot, Adam Smith, Samuel Johnson, Immanuel Kant, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson. The Enlightenment of the 18th century was a crucial time in human history - a vast moral, scientific and political movement, the work of intellectuals across Europe and the New World, who began to free themselves from despotism, bigotry and superstition and tried to change the world. "Introducing The Enlightenment" is a clear and accessible introduction to the leading thinkers of the age, the men and women who believed that rational endeavour could reveal the secrets of the universe.

Objev podobné jako Introducing the Enlightenment - Lloyd Spencer

The Rough Guide to Brittany and Normandy: Travel Guide with eBook - Rough Guides, Anna Richards

Ideal for independent travellers, this guidebook to Brittany and Normandy, written by destination experts, combines must-see sights with hidden gems and offers essential tips for both planning and on-the-ground adventures. It''s sustainably printed to ensure environmental responsibility.Inside this Brittany and Normandy travel book, you''ll find:Regional deep dive – coverage of key regions, offering a rich selection of places and experiences, and honest reviews of each oneItinerary samples – designed for various durations and interestsPractical information – tips on how to get there and get around, use public transport, beat the crowds, save time and money, travel responsibly and moreExpert recommendations – insider advice on where to eat, drink, and stay, alongside tips for nightlife and outdoor activitiesSeasonal tips – when to go to Brittany and Normandy, climate details, and festival highlights to plan your perfect tripMust-See pick – a curated selection of not-to-miss sights as chosen by our authors - The Inter-Celtic Festival, Rouen, le Grand Éléphant, The Seine, The Megaliths of Carnac, Memories of d-Day, Giverny, The Dance of Death, Château Gaillard, The Bayeux Tapestry, The Cliffs at Étretat, A Boat Trip to the Îsle de SeinNavigational maps – colour-coded maps highlighting essential spots for dining, accommodation, shopping and ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako The Rough Guide to Brittany and Normandy: Travel Guide with eBook - Rough Guides, Anna Richards

The Enlightenment Project - Lynn Hightower

Cutting-edge science meets demonic possession: the long-awaited new supernatural thriller from award-winning author Lynn Hightower."A spooky, suspenseful masterpiece. Super-recommended!" - LEE CHILD, #1 international bestselling author of the Jack Reacher thrillers"Sensitive characterizations match the imaginative plot. Readers will compulsively turn the pages to see how it all ends" - Publishers Weekly Starred ReviewHave you ever known anyone who survived being possessed? You do now. You''ve met me.Noah Archer is a renowned neurosurgeon, with an impressive success record. He has a happy home, with his beloved wife Moira, their two adopted sons, and a dog who''s a very good girl.But Noah keeps a dark secret, shared only with his old friend Father Perry Cavanaugh. When he was just a boy, he was possessed by a demon - and it was only thanks to the exorcist priest that he survived. Now, Noah works at the cutting edge of medical science and religion, researching the effects of spirituality on the brain. His current research study - The Enlightenment Project - promises breakthrough treatments for depression, addiction and mental illness, and preliminary results are astounding.But after a late-night emergency surgery, Noah returns to his office to find Father Perry waiting for him, with a ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako The Enlightenment Project - Lynn Hightower

What is Enlightenment? Questions for the eighteenth century

A panoramic view of the Age of Enlightenment.From the search for knowledge and a new kind of science to debates about religion, human equality, freedom of mankind, the demand for civil rights, mercantilism, and cosmopolitanism, many issues that the great thinkers of the Enlightenment dealt with are now fundamental to our society. Even today, we are still striving for some of their goals.Prepare in celebration of the three hundredth birthday of Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant in 2024, this book offers the perfect occasion to take a closer look at the long eighteenth century. What were the most important debates at the time? What contradictions and ambivalences, conflicts over concepts, and demands can be revealed today? This comprehensive publication, with contributions by international experts, explores the changing ideas of science, equality, and tolerance of the past and the present.

Objev podobné jako What is Enlightenment? Questions for the eighteenth century

Norman the Slug Who Saved Christmas - Sue Hendra, Paul Linnet

Norman the Slug with the Silly Shell is BACK in this fabulously festive Christmas caper from the creators of the bestselling SUPERTATO series! When a sack of presents lands - THWACK - right by Norman's stocking he is overcome with excitement. He really must have been a very good slug this year. But after a frenzy of unwrapping he spots a label - and realises that none of the presents were meant for him, but had in fact fallen off Father Christmas's sleigh. Norman knows he has to get the presents to the family they're meant for - but how can he manage it on time? Can one little slug save Christmas?Also starring Norman the Slug:Norman the Slug with the Silly ShellAlso by Sue Hendra and Paul Linnet:Supertato Supertato: Veggies Assemble Supertato: Run, Veggies, Run! Supertato: Evil Pea Rules! Supertato: Veggies in the Valley of Doom Supertato: Carnival Catastro-Pea Supertato: Bubbly Troubly (coming March 2021)Supertato Sticker Book Supertato Super Squad Supertato Sticker Skills (coming May 2021)Barry the Fish with Fingers Barry the Fish with Fingers and the Hairy Scary Monster No-Bot the Robot with No Bottom No-Bot the Robot's New Bottom Keith the Cat with the Magic Hat Doug the ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako Norman the Slug Who Saved Christmas - Sue Hendra, Paul Linnet

Landscapes of the Norman Conquest - Trevor Rowley

For a long time, the Norman Conquest has been viewed as a turning point in English history; an event which transformed English identity, sovereignty, kingship, and culture. The years between 1066 and 1086 saw the largest transfer of property ever seen in English History, comparable in scale, if not greater, than the revolutions in France in 1789 and Russia in 1917. This transfer and the means to achieve it had a profound effect upon the English and Welsh landscape, an impact that is clearly visible almost 1,000 years afterwards.Although there have been numerous books examining different aspects of the British landscape, this is the first to look specifically at the way in which the Normans shaped our towns and countryside. The castles, abbeys, churches and cathedrals built in the new Norman Romanesque style after 1066 represent the most obvious legacy of what was effectively a colonial take-over of England. Such phenomena furnished a broader landscape that was fashioned to intimidate and demonstrate the Norman dominance of towns and villages.The devastation that followed the Conquest, characterized by the ‘Harrying of the North’, had a long-term impact in the form of new planned settlements and agriculture. The imposition of Forest Laws, restricting ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako Landscapes of the Norman Conquest - Trevor Rowley

The Enlightenment's Most Dangerous Woman - Andrew Janiak

Suppressed for centuries, the ideas of French philosopher Émilie Du Châtelet are ever relevant today...Just as the Enlightenment was gaining momentum throughout Europe, philosopher Émilie Du Châtelet broke through the many barriers facing women at the time and published a major philosophical treatise in French. Within a few short years, she became famous: she was read and debated from Russia to Prussia, from Switzerland to England, from up north in Sweden to down south in Italy. This was not just remarkable because she was a woman, but because of the substance of her contributions. While the men in her milieu like Voltaire and Kant sought disciples to promote their ideas, Du Châtelet promoted intellectual autonomy. She counselled her readers to read the classics, but never to become a follower of another''s ideas. Her proclamation that a true philosopher must remain an independent thinker, rather than a disciple of some supposedly “great man” like Isaac Newton or René Descartes, posed a threat to an emerging consensus in the Enlightenment. And that made her dangerous. After all, if young women took Du Châtelet''s advice to heart, if they insisted on thinking for themselves, they might demand a proper education--the exclusion of women ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako The Enlightenment's Most Dangerous Woman - Andrew Janiak

A Cultural History of Theatre in the Age of Enlightenment

French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote, ‘the general effect of the theatre is to strengthen the national character to augment the national inclinations, and to give a new energy to all the passions’. During the Enlightenment, the advancement of radical ideas along with the emergence of the bourgeois class contributed to a renewed interest in theatre’s efficacy, informed by philosophy yet on behalf of politics. While the 18th century saw a growing desire to define the unique and specific features of a nation’s drama, and audiences demanded more realistic portrayals of humanity, theatre is also implicated in this age of revolutions. A Cultural History of Theatre in the Age of Enlightenment examines these intersections, informed by the writings of key 18th-century philosophers. Richly illustrated with 45 images, the ten chapters each take a different theme as their focus: institutional frameworks; social functions; sexuality and gender; the environment of theatre; circulation; interpretations; communities of production; repertoire and genres; technologies of performance; and knowledge transmission.

Objev podobné jako A Cultural History of Theatre in the Age of Enlightenment

The Dalai Lama - Alexander Norman

The first authoritative biography of the Dalai Lama—a story by turns inspiring and shocking—from an acclaimed Tibetan scholar with exceptional access to his subject.The Dalai Lama’s message of peace and compassion resonates with people of all faiths and none. Yet, for all his worldwide fame, he remains personally elusive. At last Alexander Norman—acclaimed Oxford-trained scholar of the history of Tibet—delivers the definitive, unique, unforgettable biography. The Dalai Lama recounts an astonishing odyssey from isolated Tibetan village to worldwide standing as spiritual and political leader of one of the world’s most profound and complex cultural traditions. Norman reveals that, while the Dalai Lama has never been comfortable with his political position, he has been a canny player—at one time CIA-backed—who has maneuvered amidst pervasive violence, including placing himself at the center of a dangerous Buddhist schism. Yet even more surprising than the political, Norman convinces, is the Dalai Lama’s astonishing spiritual practice, rooted in magic, vision, and prophecy—details of which are illuminated in this book for the first time. A revelatory life story of one of today’s most radical, charismatic, and beloved world leaders.

Objev podobné jako The Dalai Lama - Alexander Norman

The Enlightenment - Kieron O'Hara

Blamed for the bloody disasters of the 20th century: Auschwitz, the Gulags, globalisation, Islamic terrorism; heralded as the harbinger of reason, equality, and the end of arbitrary rule, the Enlightenment has been nothing if not divisive. To this day historians disagree over when it was, where it was, and what it was (and sometimes, still is). Kieron O''Hara deftly traverses these conflicts, presenting the history, politics, science, religion, arts, and social life of the Enlightenment not as a simple set of easily enumerated ideas, but an evolving conglomerate that spawned a very diverse set of thinkers, from the radical Rousseau to the conservative Burke.

Objev podobné jako The Enlightenment - Kieron O'Hara

Climbing the Rough Side of the Mountain - Norman Hill, Velma Murphy Hill

The remarkable story of a couple who came together during the civil rights movement and made fighting for equality and civil and workers’ rights their purpose for more than sixty years, overcoming adversity—with the strength of their love and commitment—to bring about meaningful change. “A chronicle of lives of unwavering dedication. Now in their 80s, labor and civil rights activists Norman and Velma Hill recount more than six decades of struggles, triumphs, and frustrations in their tireless work as ‘crusaders for democracy.’... An inspiring joint memoir.” —Kirkus ReviewsWhen Velma Murphy was knocked unconscious by a brick thrown by a man from an angry white mob and was carried away by Norman Hill, it was the beginning of a six-decade-long love story and the turmoil, excitement, and struggle for civil rights and labor movements. In Climbing the Rough Side of the Mountain, the Hills reflect upon their more than half a century of fighting to make America realize the best of itself.Through profound conversations between the two, Velma and Norman Hill share their earliest memories of facing racial segregation in the 1960s, working with Martin Luther King Jr., Bayard Rustin, and A. Philip Randolph, crossing paths with Malcolm X and Stokely ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako Climbing the Rough Side of the Mountain - Norman Hill, Velma Murphy Hill

Battle for the Bocage, Normandy 1944 - Tim Saunders

This is the story of the fighting in Normandy by the veteran desert formations brought back by Montgomery from the Mediterranean in order to spearhead the invasion; 50th Infantry and 7th Armoured divisions, plus 4th Armoured Brigade. Heavily reinforced by individuals and fresh units, their task beyond the beaches was to push south to Villers Bocage with armour on the evening of D Day in order to disrupt German counter-attacks on the beachhead.Difficulties on 50th Division’s beaches and lost opportunities allowed time for the 12th Hitlerjugend SS Panzer Division and the equally elite 130th Panzer Lehr Division to arrive in Normandy, despite delays of their own caused by allied fighter bombers. The result was 4th Armoured Brigade’s thrust south encountered opposition from the start and was firmly blocked just south of Point 103 after an advance of less than 5 miles.A major counter-attack by Panzer Lehr failed, as did a renewed British attempt, this time by the vaunted 7th Armoured Division, which was halted at Tilly sur Seulles. From here the fighting became a progressively attritional struggle in the hedgerows of the Bocage country south of Bayeux. More and more units were drawn into the fighting, which steadily extended west. ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako Battle for the Bocage, Normandy 1944 - Tim Saunders

Enlightenment - Ritchie Robertson

A magisterial work of intellectual history that recasts the Enlightenment as a period not solely consumed with rationale and reason, but rather as a pursuit of practical means to achieve greater human happiness. One of the formative periods of European and world history, the Enlightenment is the fountainhead of modern secular Western values: religious tolerance, freedom of thought, speech and the press, of rationality and evidence-based argument. Yet why, over three hundred years after it began, is the Enlightenment so profoundly misunderstood as controversial, the expression of soulless calculation? The answer may be that, to an extraordinary extent, we have accepted the account of the Enlightenment given by its conservative enemies: that enlightenment necessarily implied hostility to religion or support for an unfettered free market, or that this was the best of all possible worlds. Ritchie Robertson goes back into the long eighteenth century, from approximately 1680 to 1790, to reveal what this much-debated period of European history was really about.Robertson returns to the eras original texts to show that above all, the Enlightenment was really about increasing human happiness in this world rather than the next by promoting scientific inquiry and reasoned argument. In so doing Robertson chronicles the ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako Enlightenment - Ritchie Robertson

Orthodoxy and the Imperial Idea - Russell Norman

For those living in the East Roman Empire, it was God-protected, immune from the impermanence of other states. But in late Byzantium, intellectuals began to reconsider this assumption: could the East Roman Empire be vulnerable, even temporary? And what would that mean for the Orthodox Church? Through his engagement with influential intellectuals at the time, principally Philotheos Kokkinos, Demetrios Kydones, Cardinals Bessarion and Isidore, George Gemistos Plethon, Mark Eugenikos and George Scholarios, Norman Russell explores the strategies and responses to this seismic shift in the imagination and conceptualisation of the Church and the Empire. By exploring the details of such crucial events as the Hesychast Controversy, the ecclesiastical revolution that followed, and successive attempts to attain ecclesiastical union with the West, Norman Russell considers how the Orthodox Church adapted to survive and flourish under Ottoman rule. This is an important new contribution to the scholarship of the Orthodox Church in the Byzantine period, of interest to scholars of Byzantine civilisation, the East Roman Empire, and the Orthodox Church.

Objev podobné jako Orthodoxy and the Imperial Idea - Russell Norman

Enlightenment Now - Steven Pinker

INSTANT NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER A NEW YORK TIMES NOTABLE BOOK OF 2018ONE OF THE ECONOMIST''S BOOKS OF THE YEAR"My new favorite book of all time." --Bill Gates If you think the world is coming to an end, think again: people are living longer, healthier, freer, and happier lives, and while our problems are formidable, the solutions lie in the Enlightenment ideal of using reason and science.Is the world really falling apart? Is the ideal of progress obsolete? In this elegant assessment of the human condition in the third millennium, cognitive scientist and public intellectual Steven Pinker urges us to step back from the gory headlines and prophecies of doom, which play to our psychological biases. Instead, follow the data: In seventy-five jaw-dropping graphs, Pinker shows that life, health, prosperity, safety, peace, knowledge, and happiness are on the rise, not just in the West, but worldwide. This progress is not the result of some cosmic force. It is a gift of the Enlightenment: the conviction that reason and science can enhance human flourishing.Far from being a naïve hope, the Enlightenment, we now know, has worked. But more than ever, it needs a vigorous defense. The Enlightenment project swims against currents ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako Enlightenment Now - Steven Pinker

Democratic Enlightenment - Jonathan I. Israel

The Enlightenment shaped modernity. Western values of representative democracy and basic human rights, gender and racial equality, individual liberty, and freedom of expression and the press, form an interlocking system that derives directly from the Enlightenment''s philosophical revolution. This fact is uncontested - yet remarkably few historians or philosophers have attempted to trace the process of ideas from the political and social turmoil of the late eighteenth century to the present day. This is precisely what Jonathan Israel now does. He demonstrates that the Enlightenment was an essentially revolutionary process, driven by philosophical debate. From 1789, its impetus came from a small group of philosophe-revolutionnaires, men such as Mirabeau, Sieyes, Condorcet, Volney, Roederer, and Brissot. Not aligned to any of the social groups who took the lead in the French National assembly, the Paris commune, or the editing of the Parisian revolutionary journals, they nonetheless forged ''la philosophie moderne'' -- in effect Radical Enlightenment ideas -- into a world-transforming ideology that had a lasting impact in Latin America and eastern Europe as well as France, Italy, Germany, and the Low Countries. Whilst all French revolutionary journals clearly stated that la philosophie moderne was the main cause of the French Revolution, ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako Democratic Enlightenment - Jonathan I. Israel

Collins Birds of the World - Norman Arlott, Aldo A. Chiappe, Luis Huber, Jorge R. Rodriguez Mata, Gustavo Carrizo, Ber van Perlo

For the first time, the complete collection of the Collins Field Guides' incredibly detailed, accurate and beautiful bird paintings has been brought together in one comprehensive volume. This all-encompassing new guide is an extraordinary addition to the world-renowned series - the ultimate reference book for birdwatchers and bird lovers. It covers every species of the world's birds - all 10,711 species are featured covering the complete International Ornithological Union Checklist of Birds of the World.With a total of 301 full-colour plates this is a visual feast, as well as an authoritative resource. It illustrates all male breeding plumages, and females if significantly different, for every species, alongside concise text covering defining identification characteristics, distribution and voice. Illustrated by the world's leading bird artists: Norman Arlott, Ber van Perlo, Gustavo Carrizo, Aldo A.

Objev podobné jako Collins Birds of the World - Norman Arlott, Aldo A. Chiappe, Luis Huber, Jorge R. Rodriguez Mata, Gustavo Carrizo, Ber van Perlo

Dialectic of Enlightenment - Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno

Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer are the leading figures of the Frankfurt School and this book is their magnum opus. Dialectic of Enlightenment is one of the most celebrated works of modern social philosophy that continues to impress in its wide-ranging ambition.Writing just after the Second World War and reflecting on the bureaucracy and myths of National Socialism and the inanity of the dawn of consumerism, Adorno and Horkheimer addressed themselves to a question which went to the very heart of the modern age: 'why mankind, instead of entering into a truly human condition, is sinking into a new kind of barbarism'. Modernity, far from redeeming the promises and hopes of the Enlightenment, had resulted in a stultification of mankind and administered society, characterised by simulation and candy-floss entertainment.Tracing humanity’s modern fall to the very rationality that was to be its liberation, the authors exposed the domination and violence that underpin the Enlightenment project.

Objev podobné jako Dialectic of Enlightenment - Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno

Enlightenment Now - Steven Pinker

THE TOP TEN SUNDAY TIMES BESTSELLER''Bristles with pure, crystalline intelligence, deep knowledge and human sympathy'' Richard Dawkins Is modernity really failing? Or have we failed to appreciate progress and the ideals that make it possible?If you follow the headlines, the world in the 21st century appears to be sinking into chaos, hatred, and irrationality. Yet Steven Pinker shows that this is an illusion - a symptom of historical amnesia and statistical fallacies. If you follow the trendlines rather than the headlines, you discover that our lives have become longer, healthier, safer, happier, more peaceful, more stimulating and more prosperous - not just in the West, but worldwide. Such progress is no accident: it''s the gift of a coherent and inspiring value system that many of us embrace without even realizing it. These are the values of the Enlightenment: of reason, science, humanism and progress.The challenges we face today are formidable, including inequality, climate change, Artificial Intelligence and nuclear weapons. But the way to deal with them is not to sink into despair or try to lurch back to a mythical idyllic past; it''s to treat them as problems we can solve, as we have solved other problems in the past. ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako Enlightenment Now - Steven Pinker

DK Top 10 Normandy - DK Travel

Make the most of your trip to Normandy with DK Eyewitness Top 10. Planning is a breeze with our simple lists of ten, covering the best Normandy offers and ensuring you get everything. The pocket-friendly format is light and easily portable, the perfect companion while out and about.Inside, you''ll find:Top 10 lists of Normandy''s must-sees, including Mont-St-Michel, the Bayeux Tapestry, Deauville and La Côte Fleurie, Étretat and the D-Day BeachesNormandy''s most interesting areas, with the best places for sightseeing, food and drink, and shoppingThemed lists, including the best outdoor activities, forests, villages, local dishes and much moreEasy-to-follow itineraries, perfect for a day trip, a weekend, or a weekA laminated pull-out map of New England, plus six full-colour area mapsDK Eyewitness''s Top 10s have been helping travellers make the most of their breaks since 2002.DK is the world''s leading illustrated reference publisher, producing beautifully designed books for adults and children in over 120 countries. Looking for more on France''s culture, history and attractions?Try our DK Eyewitness France.

Objev podobné jako DK Top 10 Normandy - DK Travel

The Pursuit Of The Millennium - Norman Cohn

The Middle Ages inherited from Antiquity a tradition of prophesy and gave it fresh and exuberant life. This tradition foretold a Millennium in which humanity would enjoy a new Paradise on earth, free of suffering and sin - a Kingdom of the Saints. Generation after generation was intermittently seized by a tense expectation of some sudden, miraculous event in which the world would be utterly transformed. Often these expectations became enmeshed with social unrest and movements arose which sent tremors through the massive structure of medieval society. Drawing on a huge variety of contemporary sources, this unique and compelling book tells the story of those Millenarian fanaticisms of the Middle Ages and points to their persistence in the modern world.

Objev podobné jako The Pursuit Of The Millennium - Norman Cohn

An Artist's Alphabet - Norman Messenger

A surreal and gorgeous alphabet book from exceptional artist Norman Messenger.The ingenious Norman Messenger transforms the ordinary letters of the alphabet into extraordinary objects in this visionary collection of flora, fauna and more. This is a book for all ages to delight in and it would make a beautiful gift. "A stunner." Observer"While parents puzzle over the meanings, small children will be tracing the curious shapes with their fingers - just as they ought to learn their letters." Wall Street Journal"All ages will delight in this stunningly illustrated book which helps us to look at letters in unexpected ways." Parents in Touch

Objev podobné jako An Artist's Alphabet - Norman Messenger

Kick Off to the Sun - Norman Tony

The beautiful full-colour illustrations in this fiction book follows the story of Sol, Kit and Ben, who are in space, on a space rocket. They are off to a big, hot sun! It can be dull on a rocket, but football keeps them fit.Themed around the world of football, this fiction story is perfect for struggling readers, to help them develop the basics of reading. With an exciting football-related story and a good range of characters, this book will engage and inspire readers who need a structured, systematic, synthetics phonics-based text.

Objev podobné jako Kick Off to the Sun - Norman Tony

Modern Enlightenment - Johannes Rohbeck

We share with the people of the Enlightenment the common experience of profound technical, social, and cultural upheavals.

Objev podobné jako Modern Enlightenment - Johannes Rohbeck

The Missionaries - Norman Lewis

Brings together a lifetime's experience of travelling in tribal lands in a searing condemnation of the lethal impact of North American fundamentalist Christian missionaries on aboriginal life throughout the world.

Objev podobné jako The Missionaries - Norman Lewis

Belt Up: Thelwell's Motoring Manual - Thelwell Norman

The artist Norman Thelwell (1923–2004) was famous for his horse and pony cartoons, but his work was far more wide ranging. He focused his exceptional talent and humour on many diverse subjects, with his witty and wry observations providing amusement and sharp social comment.In this book, the artist turns his attention to a different form of horsepower – the internal combustion engine. Belt Up: Thelwell’s Motoring Manual depicts the delights and downfalls of driving, car ownership and life on the open road. First published in 1974, this collection of cartoons features driving lessons, road rage, accidents, technical terms, hazards, and the varying temperaments of men and women drivers.Prepare to travel back to an age before electric cars and discover Thelwell’s inimitable style and enduring appeal.

Objev podobné jako Belt Up: Thelwell's Motoring Manual - Thelwell Norman

How to Draw Ponies - Thelwell Norman

The artist Norman Thelwell (1923–2004) was famous for his much-loved cartoons depicting stubborn, plump ponies and their determined young riders. In this book, originally published in 1982, he gives expert advice on how to draw ponies and horses of all temperaments, shapes and sizes. He focuses on topics including the anatomy of horses, and how they move and stand.Writing in an entertaining style and featuring many of his wonderful illustrations, Thelwell offers clear guidance, top tips and encouragement to aspiring artists. He shares his skill, knowledge and experience in a down-to-earth way and provides a fascinating insight into his work.

Objev podobné jako How to Draw Ponies - Thelwell Norman

Brat Race - Thelwell Norman

The artist Norman Thelwell (1923–2004) was famous for his horse and pony cartoons, but his work was far more wide ranging. He focused his exceptional talent on many diverse subjects, with his witty and wry observations providing amusement and sharp social comment. ''Brat Race'', which was first published in 1977, takes a comical look at the world of children and the joys of parenthood. Thelwell chronicles youngsters’ behaviour with hilarious accuracy noting the mysteries, curiosities and characteristics, while providing humorous hints and advice for anxious parents and well-meaning relatives. From names, toys and birthday parties, to pets, health and happiness, all elements of childhood are depicted in the artist’s inimitable and entertaining style.

Objev podobné jako Brat Race - Thelwell Norman

Astrology. The Library of Esoterica - Jessica Hundley, Thunderwing, Andrea Richards, Susan Miller

From the beginning of human history, individuals across cultures and belief systems have looked to the sky for meaning. The movement of celestial bodies and their relation to our human lives has been the central tenant of astrology for thousands of years. The practice has both inspired reverence and worship, and deepened our understanding of ourselves and the world around us.While modern-day horoscopes may be the most familiar form of astrological knowledge, their lineage reaches back to ancient Mesopotamia. As author Andrea Richards recounts in Astrology, the second volume in TASCHEN's Library of Esoterica series, astronomy and astrology were once sister sciences: the King's Chamber of the Great Pyramid at Giza was built to align with constellations, Persian scholars oversaw some of the first observatories, and even Galileo cast horoscopes for the Medicis. But with the Enlightenment and the birth of exact science, the practice moved to places where mystery was still permitted, inspiring literature, art, and psychology, and influenced artists and thinkers such as Goethe, Byron, and Blake. Later movements like the Theosophists and the New Agers, would thrust the practice into the mainstream.Edited by Jessica Hundley, this vibrant visual history of Western astrology is the first ever compendium ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako Astrology. The Library of Esoterica - Jessica Hundley, Thunderwing, Andrea Richards, Susan Miller

The Muse of History - Oswyn Murray

How the modern world has understood the ancient Greeks and why they matter todayThe study of ancient Greek history has been central to the western conception of history since the Renaissance. The Muse of History traces the shifting patterns of this preoccupation in the last three centuries, in which each generation has reinterpreted the Greeks in the light of their contemporary world, through times of revolution, conflicting ideologies and warfare. It aims to offer a new history of Greek historiography from the Enlightenment to the present, and to acknowledge the continuing spiritual importance of the ancient Greeks for European culture in the twentieth century under totalitarian persecutions. Through the study of different historians, many of them unjustly forgotten, it shows the problematic nature of the Anglo-Saxon tradition and the importance of ideas from the continent of Europe, the ambiguities of democracy, and the impossibility of understanding the past or the present outside our common European heritage. It ends by offering suggestions for the future of the study of the Greeks in the context of world history.

Objev podobné jako The Muse of History - Oswyn Murray

The New Age of Empire - Kehinde Andrews

"Kehinde Andrews is a crucial voice walking in a proud tradition of Black radical criticism and action" Akala"An uncompromising account of the roots of racism today" Kimberlé Crenshaw "This clear-eyed analysis insists upon the revolutionary acts of freedom we will need to break out of these systems of violence" Ibram X. Kendi The New Age of Empire takes us back to the beginning of the European Empires, outlining the deliberate terror and suffering wrought during every stage of the expansion, and destroys the self-congratulatory myth that the West was founded on the three great revolutions of science, industry and politics. Instead, genocide, slavery and colonialism are the key foundation stones upon which the West was built, and we are still living under this system today: America is now at the helm, perpetuating global inequality through business, government, and institutions like the UN, the IMF, the World Bank and the WTO. The West is rich because the Rest is poor. Capitalism is racism. The West congratulations itself on raising poverty by increments in the developing world while ignoring the fact that it created these conditions in the first place, and continues to perpetuate them. The Enlightenment, which underlies every part of ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako The New Age of Empire - Kehinde Andrews

Astrology. The Library of Esoterica - Andrea Richards

From the beginning of human history, individuals across cultures and belief systems have looked to the sky for meaning. The movement of celestial bodies and their relation to our human lives has been the central tenant of astrology for thousands of years. The practice has both inspired reverence and worship, and deepened our understanding of ourselves and the world around us.While modern-day horoscopes may be the most familiar form of astrological knowledge, their lineage reaches back to ancient Mesopotamia. As author Andrea Richards recounts in Astrology, the second volume in TASCHEN’s Library of Esotericaseries, astronomy and astrology were once sister sciences: the King’s Chamber of the Great Pyramid at Giza was built to align with constellations, Persian scholars oversaw some of the first observatories, and even Galileo cast horoscopes for the Medicis. But with the Enlightenment and the birth of exact science, the practice moved to places where mystery was still permitted, inspiring literature, art, and psychology, and influenced artists and thinkers such as Goethe, Byron, and Blake. Later movements like the Theosophists and the New Agers, would thrust the practice into the mainstream.Edited by Jessica Hundley, this vibrant visual history of Western astrology explores the symbolic meaning behind hundreds ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako Astrology. The Library of Esoterica - Andrea Richards

The Jews in the Modern Age - John Efron

Providing a broad as well as a pointillist overview of modern Jewish history on a global scale from the eighteenth century to the present day, this book analyses how the Jewish people have been dramatically transformed by the forces of social, economic, political, technological, and demographic change.Now in new edition as a split volume, this second volume of a comprehensive history of the Jews includes topics such as the impact on Jewish society of the Enlightenment as well as its Jewish equivalent, the Haskalah, religious innovations in eastern and central Europe, the processes of emancipation and Jewish acculturation, the modern economic history of the Jewish people, which includes their embourgeoisement in central and western Europe, and the growth of a giant Jewish proletariat in eastern Europe, the emergence of an antisemitic politics that sought to roll back Jewish gains and the variety of Jewish responses to those illiberal forces, especially in the form of vibrant Jewish political cultures, among them Zionism, socialism, and mass migration. Middle Eastern Jewish communities were likewise impacted by the forces of modernity in ways particular to them and that history is addressed as is the emergence and consolidation of the state of Israel in the ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako The Jews in the Modern Age - John Efron

Augustus The Strong - Blanning Tim

From the acclaimed author of The Pursuit of Glory and Frederick the Great, a riotous biography of the charismatic ruler of 18th-century Poland and Saxony - and his catastrophic reign. Winner of the Elizabeth Longford Prize for Historical Biography 2025 'It's been a superb year for history but Augustus the Strong ranks up there with the very very best! I cant recommend it strongly enough' - Simon Sebag-Montefiore'The wonderful story of one of the worst monarchs in European history, told with enormous wit and scholarship by a supremely talented historian. If you have the slightest interest in Germans, Poles, porcelain, jewels, the Enlightenment, military disasters or the pleasures of fox-tossing, then this is the book for you' - Dominic SandbrookAugustus is one of the great what-ifs of the 18th century.He could have turned the accident of ruling two major realms into the basis for a powerful European state – a bulwark against the Russians and a block on Prussian expansion. Alas, there was no opportunity Augustus did not waste and no decision he did not get wrong. By the time of his death Poland was fatally damaged and would subsequently disappear as an independent state until the 20th century.Tim Blanning’s ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako Augustus The Strong - Blanning Tim

The French Revolution - Ian Davidson

The fall of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 has become the commemorative symbol of the French Revolution. But this violent and random act was unrepresentative of the real work of the early revolution, which was taking place ten miles west of Paris, in Versailles. There, the nobles, clergy and commoners of France had just declared themselves a republic, toppling a rotten system of aristocratic privilege and altering the course of history forever. The Revolution was led not by angry mobs, but by the best and brightest of France''s growing bourgeoisie: young, educated, ambitious. Their aim was not to destroy, but to build a better state. In just three months they drew up a Declaration of the Rights of Man, which was to become the archetype of all subsequent Declarations worldwide, and they instituted a system of locally elected administration for France which still survives today. They were determined to create an entirely new system of government, based on rights, equality and the rule of law. In the first three years of the Revolution they went a long way toward doing so. Then came Robespierre, the Terror and unspeakable acts of barbarism.In a clear, dispassionate and fast-moving narrative, Ian Davidson ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako The French Revolution - Ian Davidson

The Blind Spot - Marcelo Gleiser, Adam Frank

A compelling argument for including the human perspective within science, and for how human experience makes science possible.“This is by far the best book I''ve read this year.”—Michael Pollan, Professor of the Practice of Non-fiction, Harvard University; #1 New York Times bestselling authorIt’s tempting to think that science gives us a God’s-eye view of reality. But we neglect the place of human experience at our peril. In The Blind Spot, astrophysicist Adam Frank, theoretical physicist Marcelo Gleiser, and philosopher Evan Thompson call for a revolutionary scientific worldview, where science includes—rather than ignores or tries not to see—humanity’s lived experience as an inescapable part of our search for objective truth. The authors present science not as discovering an absolute reality but rather as a highly refined, constantly evolving form of human experience. They urge practitioners to reframe how science works for the sake of our future in the face of the planetary climate crisis and increasing science denialism.Since the dawn of the Enlightenment, humanity has looked to science to tell us who we are, where we come from, and where we’re going, but we’ve gotten stuck thinking we can know the universe from outside our position in it. When we try ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako The Blind Spot - Marcelo Gleiser, Adam Frank

The New Lunar Society - David A. Mindell

How to create our industrial future with inspiration and lessons from the originators of the industrial revolution.Climate change, global disruption, and labor scarcity are forcing us to rethink the underlying principles of industrial society. In The New Lunar Society, David Mindell envisions this new industrialism from the fundamentals, drawing on the eighteenth century when first principles were formed at the founding of the Industrial Revolution. While outlining the new industrialism, he tells the story of the Lunar Society, a group of engineers, scientists, and industrialists who came together to apply the principles of the Enlightenment to industrial processes. Those principles were collaboration, the marriage of practical and scientific knowledge, and the belief that the world could progress through making things.The Lunar Society included pioneers like James Watt, Benjamin Franklin, and Josiah Wedgwood, and their conversations no less than ignited the Industrial Revolution and shaped the founding of the United States. Telling the stories of these makers in parallel with those of our current moment of crisis on multiple fronts, Mindell argues for a new industrialism. He asks: What does industry look like when it strives to optimize for the lowest carbon footprint as well as the greatest profit? When it ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako The New Lunar Society - David A. Mindell

Alexander the Great - Paul Cartledge

At eighteen Alexander had conquered mainland Greece, was crowned King of Macedonia at twenty and by twenty-six he had made himself master of the once mighty Persian Empire. By the time of his death, aged only thirty-three, in 323BCE he was ruler of the known world and was being worshipped as a god by the Greeks, both at Babylon, where he died, and further west, among the Greek cities of the Asiatic seaboard. The fruit of a lifetime’s scholarship and meticulous research, this is an outstanding biography of one of the most remarkable rulers in history. ''A hugely impressive portrait of a towering but enigmatic figure'' Saul David, Sunday Telegraph ''A revealing, often enthralling search . . . [a] restless, exhilarating book'' Observer ''Fascinating . . . blends all the pleasures of Hollywood epic with those of a subtle and deeply intriguing detective tale'' Tom Holland, author of Rubicon ''Alexander the Great provides an endless fount both of amazement and of speculation. This gripping book examines the legends as well as the life. Most interestingly, it invites the reader to participate in the difficult task of separating the fact from the fiction'' Norman DaviesAt eighteen Alexander had conquered mainland Greece, ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako Alexander the Great - Paul Cartledge

Under the Shade Tree - Joseph Ogbonnaya

World Christianity is concerned not with Christianity as a global cultural and theological monolith, but with local expressions of Christian faith around the globe. But Christianity''s presence in and among the world''s cultures is complex and contested. Evangelization has often been the religious arm of colonial expansion, and even authentically indigenous religious traditions have been swallowed up into linguistic and liturgical uniformity. Often neglected in the study of these phenomena is the meaning and role of the Bible and biblical interpretation in shaping local Christianities. Perhaps no modern expression of World Christianity more dramatically illustrates this neglect than African, especially sub-Saharan African Christianity. Under the Shade Tree investigates theologically and historically how the Bible was and is read in Africa and by Africans.The European Enlightenment provided a framework of biblical hermeneutics that still predominates in much of Europe and North America. But is it applicable to African Christian hermeneutics? What contextual experiences shape the interpretation of the Bible in those parts of the world not directly influenced by the Enlightenment? Ogbonnaya engages various ways of reading the Bible in much of Africa, bearing in mind the diversities and complexities of the continent. By studying the African origins of Christian hermeneutics, ... Unknown localization key: "more"

Objev podobné jako Under the Shade Tree - Joseph Ogbonnaya

The Middle Kingdoms - Martyn Rady

Central Europe is not just a space on a map but also a region of shared experience - of mutual borrowings, impositions and misapprehensions. From the Roman Empire onwards, it has been the target of invasion from the east. In the Middle Ages, Central Europeans cast their eastern foes as 'the dogmen'. They would later become the Turks, Swedes, Russians and Soviets, all of whom pulled the region apart and remade it according to their own vision.Competition among Europe's Middle Kingdoms yielded repeated cultural effervescences. This was the first home of the High Renaissance outside Italy, the cradle of the Reformation, the starting point of the Enlightenment, Romanticism, the symphony and modern nationalism. It was a permanent battleground too for religious and political ideas.Most recent histories of Central Europe confine themselves to the lands in between Germany and Russia, homing in on Poland, Hungary, and what is now the Czech Republic. This new history embraces the whole of Central Europe, including the German lands as well as Ukraine and Switzerland. The story of Europe's Middle Kingdoms is a reminder of Central Europe's precariousness, of its creativity and turbulence, and of the common cultural trends that make these lands so distinctive.

Objev podobné jako The Middle Kingdoms - Martyn Rady

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire - Edward Gibbon

Gibbon''s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published between 1776 and 1788, is the undisputed masterpiece of English historical writing which can only perish with the language itself. Its length alone is a measure of its monumental quality: seventy-one chapters, of which twenty-eight appear in full in this edition.With style, learning and wit, Gibbon takes the reader through the history of Europe from the second century AD to the fall of Constantinople in 1453 - an enthralling account by ''the greatest of the historians of the Enlightenment''.This edition includes Gibbon''s footnotes and quotations, here translated for the first time, together with brief explanatory comments, a precis of the chapters not included, 16 maps, a glossary, and a list of emperors.

Objev podobné jako The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire - Edward Gibbon

The Normans in the South, 1016-1130 - John Julius Norwich

Chronicling the 'other Norman invasion', The Normans in the South is the epic story of the House of Hauteville, and in particular Robert Guiscard, perhaps the most extraordinary European adventurer between the times of Caesar and Napoleon. In one year, 1084, he had both the Eastern and Western Emperors retreating before him and one of the most formidable of medieval Popes in his power. His brother, Roger, helped him to conquer Sicily from the Saracens, and his nephew Roger II went on to create the cosmopolitan kingdom whose remaining monuments still dazzle us today. The Normans in the South is the first of two volumes that recount an extraordinary chapter in Italian history.

Objev podobné jako The Normans in the South, 1016-1130 - John Julius Norwich